![\"chinsu\"](\"https:\/\/www.vnras.com\/drug\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/benzen.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\nBenzen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hydrocarbon v\u00f2ng th\u01a1m c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 C6H6. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, s\u1ee3i polymer. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ung th\u01b0, Benzen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 m\u00e1u, n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m 1 theo ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ung th\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IARC), c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 Benzen kho\u1ea3ng 1-2 ppm (part per million \u2013 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u) trong su\u1ed1t 40 n\u0103m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0 b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u (leukemia). Tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy c\u01a1 h\u01a1n v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p thu ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. So v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p thu ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m g\u1ea5p 2.3 l\u1ea7n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 g\u1ea5p 6.1 l\u1ea7n trong th\u1ee9c \u0103n.<\/p>\n
Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Benzen c\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng\/n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO) l\u00e0 10 ppb (part per billion, ph\u1ea7n t\u1ec9), c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 5 ppb v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 1 ppb.<\/p>\n
C\u01a1 quan qua\u0309n ly\u0301 thu\u00f4\u0301c va\u0300 th\u01b0\u0323c ph\u00e2\u0309m Hoa Ky\u0300 (FDA) l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Benzen c\u00f3 trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1990. Khi \u1ea5y s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3ng chai c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng Perrier \u0111ang b\u00e1n \u1edf M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p Benzen v\u00e0 do v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb thu h\u1ed3i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 (H\u00ecnh ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi, th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1edd New York Times ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1990). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, FDA v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
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V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993, hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Gardner v\u00e0 Lawrence \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t ch\u1ee9a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt Benzoic v\u00e0 ax\u00edt Ascorbic (Vitamin C) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh Benzen \u1edf n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Benzen n\u00e0y sinh ra t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i Benzoate, ax\u00edt Ascorbic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ion kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1eaft c\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra nhanh h\u01a1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a UV.<\/p>\n
Ax\u00edt Benzoic v\u00e0 ax\u00edt Ascorbic (Vitamin C) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
+ Ax\u00edt Benzoic (m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 210) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, d\u1ec5 tan trong r\u01b0\u1ee3u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (t\u1ed1i \u0111a ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 0.3 g ax\u00edt Benzoic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tan trong 100 g n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1edf 20 \u00b0C). \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i vi sinh v\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 tan n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Natri benzoate (m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 211) \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf v\u00ec mu\u1ed1i n\u00e0y tan r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, cao g\u1ea5p 200 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi ax\u00edt Benzoic (66 g Natri Benzoate c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tan trong 100 g n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf 20 \u00b0C). Mu\u1ed1i Natri Benzoate, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 ax\u00edt Benzoic. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ax\u00edt (pH < 3.5) n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ax\u00edt Benzoic d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch (undissociated Benzoic acid) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Ngo\u00e0i mu\u1ed1i Natri Benzoate, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mu\u1ed1i Kali Benzoate (m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 212), Canxi Benzoate (m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 213). Hi\u1ec7n nay theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam) th\u00ec h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt Benzoic ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 1 ph\u1ea7n ng\u00e0n (0.1%) hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 1g trong 1kg th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. T\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
+ Ax\u00edt Ascorbic (m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 300) c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vitamin C, l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 C6H8O6. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng oxi h\u00f3a. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Natri Ascorbate (m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 301), Canxi Ascorbate (m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 302) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00ean. V\u00ec h\u1ee3p h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o cho v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 (just enough).<\/p>\n
Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Benzen t\u1eeb hai nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia tr\u00ean (ax\u00edt Benzoic v\u00e0 ax\u00edt Ascorbic) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m d\u1ea5y l\u00ean m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Gardner v\u00e0 Lawrence \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
+ Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a McNeal \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a 0.025% ax\u00edt Ascorbic v\u00e0 0.04% Sodium Benzoate. Sau 20 gi\u1edd trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 45\u00b0C v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu tia UV th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Benzen t\u1ea1o ra trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 300 ppb (ph\u1ea7n t\u1ec9). C\u00f2n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00f2ng t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ec sau 20 gi\u1edd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Benzen l\u00e0 4 ppb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Benzen c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn 266 ppb sau 8 ng\u00e0y trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00f2ng t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n
+ Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Chang & Ku c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a McNeal nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ion kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1eaft c\u00f3 trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. H\u1ecd c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ion kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 trong t\u1ed1i, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng trong 8 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Benzen t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 176 ppb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf (trace) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00fac t\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o Benzen t\u1eeb ax\u00edt Ascorbic v\u00e0 Natri Benzoate. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu th\u00eam c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u201cgiam gi\u1eef\u201d kim lo\u1ea1i (chelator) nh\u01b0 EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) v\u00e0 (DTPA) (diethylene triamine penta acetic acid) n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 0.1 mM (mili molar) th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Benzen, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 sung r\u01b0\u1ee3u (Ethanol) \u1edf n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 100mM c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Benzen \u0111\u1ebfn 90%.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan, n\u0103m 2006 hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 (American Beverage Association) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Benzen trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n
+ Thay th\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ax\u00edt Ascorbic (v\u00e0 c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng oxi h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n
+ Thay th\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ax\u00edt Benzoic (v\u00e0 c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vi sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n
+ Th\u00eam EDTA ho\u1eb7c sodium polyphosphates \u0111\u1ec3 giam gi\u1eef ion kim lo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng cho x\u00fac t\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o Benzen.<\/p>\n
+ Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kho b\u00e3i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef trong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 tia UV.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda (reformulate) l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Benzen xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf t\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Coca Cola tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008 s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ax\u00edt Benzoic ra kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty.<\/p>\n
Trong m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111ang x\u00f4n xao v\u1ee5 h\u01a1n 18 ng\u00e0n chai t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u Chin-su c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Osaka y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thu h\u1ed3i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 4 v\u00ec vi ph\u1ea1m Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec7 sinh th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ghi r\u00f5 tr\u00ean nh\u00e3n ph\u1ee5 (ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt) r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ax\u00edt Benzoic, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ax\u00edt Benzoic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra trong 3 l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 0.41g\/kg, 0.42g\/kg v\u00e0 0.45g\/kg.<\/p>\n
Ax\u00edt Benzoic \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u. Sau khi \u0103n, ax\u00edt Benzoic acid v\u00e0 Natri Benzoate \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p thu nhanh trong h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a trong gan b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi glycine \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ax\u00edt hippuric \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1ea3i ra ngo\u00e0i qua n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n
\u1ede chu\u1ed9t, ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng an to\u00e0n (kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5) c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 1310 mg\/kg\/ng\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u00ean hai th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i tr\u00ean chu\u1ed9t c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 (unlikely to be carcinogenic). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ax\u00edt Benzoic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi 5 mg\/kg\/ng\u00e0y qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb7ng 50 kg c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 kho\u1ea3ng 250 mg ax\u00edt Benzoic trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee9a 500mg\/kg ax\u00edt Benzoic th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi 50 kg c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 an to\u00e0n kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda kg th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
\u1ede nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam) th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ax\u00edt Benzoic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh cho v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 1g\/kg. Do v\u1eady, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ax\u00edt Benzoic trong chai t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt Chin-su v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao Nh\u1eadt l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn cho s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u01a1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, xi r\u00f4, n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ri\u00eang cho n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eaft khe h\u01a1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, do v\u1eady khi nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u sang n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf Nh\u1eadt s\u1ee3 ax\u00edt Benzoic trong chai t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt? D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf! \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra Benzen trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00ec vitamin C l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 cao \u1edf \u1edbt v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 2400mg\/kg so v\u1edbi d\u00e2u l\u00e0 580 mg\/kg; cam l\u00e0 530mg\/kg; c\u00e0 chua l\u00e0 140mg\/kg. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00ednh trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt Chin-su c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam Vitamin C d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng oxi h\u00f3a v\u1edbi m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 300! Do v\u1eady, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong ph\u1ea7n 2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec cho th\u1ea5y nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ax\u00edt Benzoic trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Benzen c\u1ee7a ax\u00edt Benzoic v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Vitamin C c\u00f3 trong \u1edbt v\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 gia mang m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 300 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00eam v\u00e0o (h\u00ecnh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng cung c\u1ea5p).<\/p>\n
Benzen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Benzen trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m, \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Do v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Benzen sinh ra trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec7n nay theo quy chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt Chin-su v\u1eabn th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n 2 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n ax\u00edt Benzoic v\u00e0 Vitamin C trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt Chin-su ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ea5t Benzen v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 nguy hi\u1ec3m g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 hay kh\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc. Mong nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n s\u1edbm c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c minh b\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c quy chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Benzen \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng an t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n
Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn s\u1eb5n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mua, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu, so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb link \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1ed9i dung: Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ed3ng V\u0169, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ung th\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c gia, City of Hope, California, USA<\/p>\n
C\u00f4\u0301 v\u00e2\u0301n khoa ho\u0323c Ruy B\u0103ng Ti\u0301m<\/p>\n
https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E_number<\/a> (E numbers are codes for substances that are permitted to be used as food additives for use within the European Union) T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: V\u0169 Nguy\u1ec5n – Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ed3ng V\u0169\u00a0 C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n khoa h\u1ecdc , Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong Y h\u1ecdc , Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u00ean sau Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 (Staff Scientist), Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u City of Hope, California, USA.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Benzen \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m! Benzen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hydrocarbon v\u00f2ng th\u01a1m c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 C6H6. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, s\u1ee3i polymer. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ung th\u01b0, Benzen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6638,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-y-te-suc-khoe"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6636","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6636"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6636\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6638"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6636"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6636"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6636"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nhttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzene_in_soft_drinks<\/a> (Benzen trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng)
\nhttps:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/IngredientsPackagingLabeling\/FoodAdditivesIngredients\/ucm091048.htm#collapse2014<\/a> (Food Additive Status List)
\nhttps:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/vitamin-c-foods#section18<\/a> (20 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vitamin C cao)
\nhttps:\/\/tuoitre.vn\/nhat-thu-hoi-hon-18-000-chai-tuong-ot-chin-su-vi-chua-chat-cam-20190406113822824.htm<\/a>
\nGardner LK, Lawrence GD, 1993. Benzene production from decarboxylation of benzole acid in the presence of ascorbic acid and a transition-metal catalyst. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 41(5):693\u2013695.
\nMcNeal TP, Nyman PJ, Diachenko GW, Hollifield HC, 1993. Survey of benzene in foods by using headspace concentration techniques and capillary gas chromatography. Journal of AOAC International.;76(6):1213\u20131219.
\nChang C, Ku K, 1993. Studies on benzene formation in beverages. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 1:385\u2013393.
\nSalviano Dos Santos VP, Medeiros Salgado A, Guedes Torres A, Signori Pereira K, 2015. Benzene as a Chemical Hazard in Processed Foods. Int J Food Sci. 2015:545640.
\nVarvara M, Bozzo G, Celano G, Disanto C, Pagliarone CN, Celano GV, 2016. The Use of Ascorbic Acid as a Food Additive: Technical-Legal Issues. Ital J Food Saf. 5(1):4313.
\nBenzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 26. First draft prepared by Dr A. Wibbertmann, Dr J. Kielhorn, Dr G. Koennecker, Dr I. Mangelsdorf, and Dr C. Melber, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hanover, Germany. (https:\/\/www.who.int\/ipcs\/publications\/cicad\/cicad26_rev_1.pdf)<\/a><\/p>\n