Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, alkaloid<\/strong> g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 flavonoid (naringin trong b\u01b0\u1edfi), sesquiterpen lacton (lactucin trong salad), glycosid tim. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng, g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 khi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft gia Socrates \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00e9n thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c (Conium maculatum), lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y c\u00f3 alkaloid coniin v\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u nghi v\u1ea5n xung quanh vi\u1ec7c Plato, m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Socrates m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 \u201cb\u00ecnh y\u00ean\u201d.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng<\/strong> kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng hay gi\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m\/thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng. C\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9a alkaloid th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng nh\u01b0: cinchona, c\u00e0 belladon, \u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u,\u2026 2 alkaloid th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy g\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng l\u00e0 cafein v\u00e0 quinin. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f3n \u0103n, th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 tr\u00e0, kh\u1ed5 qua, bia, socola, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea,\u2026N\u01b0\u1edbc tonic l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u00fa v\u1ecb: th\u1eddi x\u01b0a, soda v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ecb cho quinin; ng\u00e0y nay, quinin l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eafng cho n\u01b0\u1edbc soda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00ecn chung, cafein c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng \u1edf m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh th\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng 1\/100 \u2013 1\/30 so v\u1edbi quinin. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em theophyllin v\u00e0 theobromin c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong tr\u00e0, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 ca cao. V\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ca cao c\u00f2n do c\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a 2,5-diketopiperazin v\u00e0 flavanol trong khi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0 do catechin v\u00e0 tanin. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh rang c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/a> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec9nh cafein n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea t\u00e1ch cafein ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng arabica rang nh\u1ea1t. Quinin c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1eafng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 pha lo\u00e3ng 1:184175. Solanin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u00f2n mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ecfng r\u00e1t. Kh\u00e1 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd khi alkaloid n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb cay l\u00e0 capsaicin c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1eafng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf menthol, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u tay V\u1ee5 \u00e1n b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u1edf Styles c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Agatha Christie, n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1edfi strychnin. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e1m t\u1eed Poirot r\u1eb1ng strychnin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho v\u00e0o ca cao do ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1eafng 1:70000 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. V\u1ee5 \u00e1n k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng hung th\u1ee7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kali bromid \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee7a strychnin kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed7n d\u1ecbch tonic c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y chai. Khi n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n u\u1ed1ng li\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c strychnin.<\/p>\n
C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c protein TAS2R \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng. C\u00e1c ph\u1ed1i t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng bao g\u1ed3m cycloheximid, denatonium, PROP (6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil), PTC (phenylthiocarbamid). C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, do s\u1ef1 \u0111a h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 protein th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 TAS2R \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ee9a gustducin, vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf gustducin kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi TAS2R \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u m\u00f4 c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1edf nh\u01b0 m\u0169i, xoang. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 TAS2R38, th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 2 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafng PROP v\u00e0 PTC, c\u0169ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Pseudomonas aeruginosa nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quinolon hay acyl-homoserin lacton. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c ti\u1ebft ra c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 v\u1eadn c\u1ee7a TAS2R, l\u00e0m ti\u1ebft ra nitric oxid ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c defensin. \u1ede ng\u01b0\u1eddi, TAS2R c\u00f2n c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u, v\u00fa, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t hay l\u1edbp s\u1eebng. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, ch\u00fang \u201cb\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n l\u00e0m t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng. Vi khu\u1ea9n, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n
Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/h2>\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a, t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00faa g\u1ea1o, l\u00faa m\u00ec, b\u1eafp c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u1ecf h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1 \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c thu h\u00e1i, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c bao g\u1ed3m khoai t\u00e2y ch\u1ee9a solanin, qu\u1ea3 b\u00ed d\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a cucurbitacin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadu ch\u1ee9a phytohemagglutinin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a, lai gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u: c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed9c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c trong kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n \u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. V\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1eafn (Manihot esculenta). \u0110\u1ee9ng \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng, s\u1eafn l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch do c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a s\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi nhai s\u1eafn, c\u1eb7p enzym-c\u01a1 ch\u1ea5t linamarase-linamarin ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng acid hydrocyanid. Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 konzo (ch\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i, trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Yaka). \u0110\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u01b0\u1edbt: tr\u1ed9n b\u1ed9t s\u1eafn v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc theo m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i ph\u01a1i ngo\u00e0i n\u1eafng ho\u1eb7c trong b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng HCN. B\u1ed9t \u1ea9m sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5u v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafng, do linamarin c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m 3 nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn: ch\u1ee9a Nit\u01a1 (alkaloid ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9a cyanid), terpen v\u00e0 phenol. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng trong h\u1ea1t th\u00ec sao?<\/h2>\n
Khi t\u00ecm t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u cho b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean trang Quora “t\u1ea1i sao ngay c\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 ng\u1ecdt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eafng?” H\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong chi Prunus, h\u1ecd Rosaceae nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0o, m\u1eadn, t\u00e1o, m\u01a1, h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eafng, cherry,\u2026ch\u1ee9a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t amygdalin \u2013 glycosid cyanogenic (amygdal\u0113 trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n, amygdal c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n). Ion cyanid c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi amygdalin b\u1edfi \u03b2-glucosidase g\u00e2y ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 benzaldehyd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau ng\u1ecdt\/\u0111\u1eafng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng amygdalin ch\u1ee9a trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
V\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a tim sen li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t alkaloid khung isoquinolin trong khi \u1edf b\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c glycosid cyanogenic. Glycosid cyanogenic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng 4′-O-methylpyridoxin (MPN), m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vitamin B6 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng MPN \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong l\u00e1 B\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 ngay trong h\u1ea1t th\u00ec h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo m\u00f9a, cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf th\u00e1ng 8. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u1edf m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i m\u1ea7m s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, tr\u00e1nh s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh hay c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n m\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1eadp t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 con g\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n c\u00e2y g\u00ec). S\u1ebd hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi vi khu\u1ea9n th\u00ec ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n, n\u00ean m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1p v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n th\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7.<\/p>\n
M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng.<\/p>\n
H\u1ec7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafng BitterDB: https:\/\/bitterdb.agri.huji.ac.il\/dbbitter.php<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 gian tru\u00e2n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n
$\"S\u1ef1$
S\u1ef1 gian tru\u00e2n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
L\u1ea5y m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n
V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1eafng n\u00f3ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1962, nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Arthur Barclay \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf R\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia Gifford Pinchot thu\u1ed9c bang Washington, t\u1ea1i cao \u0111\u1ed9 450 m\u00e9t, nh\u00ecn ch\u0103m ch\u00fa m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y l\u00e1 kim cao 25 foot – kho\u1ea3ng 7,6 m\u00e9t. Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, Barclay v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Hoa K\u1ef3, USDA. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp m\u1eabu th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt cho Vi\u1ec7n Ung Th\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, NCI. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, NCI nh\u1eadn kho\u1ea3ng 1000 m\u1eabu m\u1ed7i n\u0103m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Barclay x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u00e0i l\u00e1 kim kia ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 thanh t\u00f9ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Taxus brevifolia, t\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecf M\u1ef9 theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n
T. brevifolia, Taxaceae l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng xanh v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao trung b\u00ecnh, v\u1ecf th\u00e2n m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, ph\u1eb3ng, l\u00e1 kim d\u00e0i 1 inch h\u01a1i cong, g\u1ed7 c\u1ee9ng. Lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u00edt c\u00f3 s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh do \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm l\u1edbn. Lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i \u00edt b\u1ecb m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, cung t\u00ean, m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00e1i ch\u00e8o. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o lao, l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e2u, n\u00eam, g\u1eady, th\u00eca, tr\u1ed1ng, gi\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean. (Tax\u0161a (ti\u1ebfng Ba T\u01b0 c\u1ed5): m\u0169i t\u00ean. Brevis: nh\u1ecf; folium: l\u00e1)<\/p>\n
G\u1eedi m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n
M\u1eabu thu th\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Barclay sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ef9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u C\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean Wisconsin (ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e1ng chi ph\u00ed cho warfarin) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t. V\u1ecf th\u00e2n c\u00e2y n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o KB v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a NCI. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1964, Barclay quay v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 c\u0169 thu th\u1eadp th\u00eam 30 pound t\u1ee9c h\u01a1n 13 kg m\u1eabu g\u1eedi cho Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m RTI, n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a Wall v\u00e0 Wani.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n
30 pound Taxus brevifolia sau khi g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn RTI ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng – theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Wall v\u00e0 Wani v\u1eabn \u0111ang l\u00e0m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 camptothecin ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp t\u1eeb H\u1ec9 th\u1ee5 c\u0169ng \u0111ang chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y kh\u1ea3 quan kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Wall \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng…b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi T. brevifolia.<\/p>\n
K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp<\/h3>\n
V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1966, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft tinh t\u1eeb trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Wall g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “taxol”. Tax- c\u1ee7a t\u00ean chi v\u00e0 -ol, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5y, alcol. Th\u1ef1c ra, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a taxol, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 mang nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m hydroxyl. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Wall v\u00e0 Wani n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng taxol mang l\u1ea1i thanh \u00e2m \u0111\u1eb9p khi \u0111\u1ecdc. Taxol\u00ae ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 tinh th\u1ec3 tia X, ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 C47H51NO14!!!. B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra Taxol\u00ae mang trong m\u00ecnh hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: khung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i b\u00ean, theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0o 1971, t\u1eadn 5 n\u0103m sau, Wall, Wani v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Taxol\u00ae trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o s\u00e1u trang, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng ung th\u01b0. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Taxol\u00ae ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chu\u1ed7i b\u00ean b\u1ecb g\u1eafn sai. (Taxol\u00ae c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 C b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac).<\/p>\n
Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng<\/h3>\n
Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam 20 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 Taxol\u00ae tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed1c h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u ung th\u01b0. L\u00fd do ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 gian tru\u00e2n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1edd, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao khi m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp, Taxol\u00ae l\u1ea1i \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p m\u00e3i m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n – b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong lo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecf ch\u1eadm l\u1edbn T. brevifolia. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u1ecf th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, c\u00e2y n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecf th\u00e2n th\u00ec kh\u1eafc ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf tr\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Taxol\u00ae v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ung th\u01b0 h\u1eafc t\u1ed1 B16. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m thu nh\u1ecf ung th\u01b0 v\u00fa tr\u00ean chu\u1ed9t. M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u00e0 khi Susan Horwitz, nh\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y Albert Einstein – \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York\u2019s Yeshiva kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Taxol\u00ae.<\/p>\n
C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h3>\n
Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng ung th\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi \u1ed1ng (microtubule) – m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Horwitz nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y Taxol\u00ae l\u1ea1i k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i ADN trong khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n chia, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft theo l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh – apoptosis. Qua l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc gia Susan Horwitz \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng ung th\u01b0 Taxol\u00ae b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111am m\u00ea, khi b\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Taxol\u00ae.<\/p>\n
C\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3ng hay m\u1edf<\/h3>\n
Khi th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 \u00e1c t\u00ednh ung th\u01b0 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng, Taxol\u00ae mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3: 30%. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ung th\u01b0 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng, NCI (Vi\u1ec7n Ung Th\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c Gia Hoa K\u1ef3) s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p 240 pound – t\u1ee9c 109 kg Taxol\u00ae. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1n h\u1ea1 360.000 c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecf T. brevifolia. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y: v\u00f4 nghi\u1ec7m!<\/p>\n
\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m<\/h3>\n
Nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10-deacetyl-baccatin III, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 10-DAB, t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i thanh t\u00f9ng Ch\u00e2u u, Taxus baccata. 10-DAB c\u00f3 khung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Taxol\u00ae, m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i chu\u1ed7i b\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng sao, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i. Pierre Potier \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t quy tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Robert A. Holton t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bang Florida \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 10-DAB \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o: l\u00e1 kim c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y. (bacca: berry)<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 thi t\u1ea1o ra Taxol\u00ae nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Robert A. Holton v\u1edbi\u202645 b\u01b0\u1edbc (h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t), hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi sinh v\u1eadt. Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 10-DAB v\u00e0 Taxol\u00ae, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng ung th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p n\u00ean: docetaxel, t\u1ee9c Taxotere\u00ae, b\u1edfi nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Pierre Potier. Potier \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh do c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 v\u00fa, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c<\/h3>\n
Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Anh ch\u00e0ng Taxol\u00ae c\u00f2n mang \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i to\u00e1n v\u1ec1 sinh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng: m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tan t\u1ed1t trong PEG 75% nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i u B16 v\u00e0 P388 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i so v\u1edbi ban \u0111\u1ea7u. L\u1ea7n h\u1ed3i m\u00e3i, h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 ethanol, cremophor v\u00e0 saline (5:5:90) v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t 0,3 – 0,6 mg\/mL.<\/p>\n
T\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1edf hoa (\u00e1o h\u1ea1t nha, h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0)
\nC\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 NCI l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1992, Taxol\u00ae \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c FDA ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1ng Platinum. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Taxol\u00ae c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 v\u00fa v\u00e0 u Kaposi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn AIDS.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i gian tru\u00e2n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 Taxol\u00ae c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh l\u00ean trong h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin l\u1ea1c quan.<\/p>\n
Taxol\u00ae l\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean d\u00f9ng chung l\u00e0 paclitaxel. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i Taxus wallichiana, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i, v\u00ec lo\u00e0i \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda khai th\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/h2>\n
Tuzim K., Korolczuk A. (2021), “An update on extra-oral bitter taste receptors”, J Transl Med, 19, 440 .
\nWooding, S. P., Ramirez, V. A., & Behrens, M. (2021), “Bitter taste receptors: Genes, evolution and health”, Evolution, medicine, and public health, 9(1), 431\u2013447.<\/p>\n
Ntie-Kang, F. (2019), “Mechanistic role of plant-based bitter principles and bitterness prediction for natural product studies II: prediction tools and case studies”, Physical Sciences Reviews, 4(, 20190007.Bassoli, A., Borgonovo, G. and Busnelli, G. (2007), “Alkaloids and the Bitter Taste”, Modern Alkaloids: Structure, Isolation, Synthesis and Biology, 53-72.<\/p>\n
Achan, J., Talisuna, A. O., Erhart, A., Yeka, A., Tibenderana, J. K., Baliraine, F. N., Rosenthal, P. J., & D’Alessandro, U. (2011). Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria. Malaria journal, 10, 144.<\/p>\n
Fl\u00fcckiger, Friedrick A.; Daniel, Hanbury (1874), “Cortex Cinchon\u00e6”, Pharmacographia: A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in Great Britain and British India. London: Macmillan and Co. pp. 302\u2013331.<\/p>\n
Meyer, Christian G.; Marks, Florian; May, J\u00fcrgen (1 December 2004). “Editorial: Gin tonic revisited”. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 9 (12): 1239\u20131240.<\/p>\n
Homer, S\u1eed thi Odyssey
\n– Lee M. R. (1999), “The snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis): from Odysseus to Alzheimer”, Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 29(4), 349\u2013352.<\/p>\n
-Cinelli, M. A., & Jones, A. D. (2021), “Alkaloids of the Genus Datura: Review of a Rich Resource for Natural Product Discovery”, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(9), 2629.<\/p>\n
-McHugh, J. (2021), An Unholy Brew: Alcohol in Indian History and Religions, Oxford University Press.
\n-Proudfoot, A.(2006), “The Early Toxicology of Physostigmine”, Toxicol Rev 25, 99\u2013138 .<\/p>\n
American Chemical Society. National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Discovery of Camptothecin and Taxol\u00ae. http:\/\/www.acs.org\/…\/landmarks\/camptothecintaxol.htmlExit<\/a> Disclaimer. Published 2003. Accessed March 31, 2022.<\/p>\n
\u017bwawiak, Justyna & Zaprutko, Lucjusz. (2014), \u201cA brief history of taxol”, Journal of Medical Sciences, 1, 47.<\/p>\n
Printz C. (2011), “Scientist honored for work with paclitaxel: interest in a unique chemical structure leads to drug that helps millions”, Cancer, 117(3), 2827-2828.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c L\u01b0u V\u0103n Ho\u00e0ng \u2013 Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chung v\u1ec1:T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chung v\u1ec1: Alkaloid theo d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y D\u01b0\u1ee3c TP HCM Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Alkaloid Trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, alkaloid l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf t\u1ed9c quan tr\u1ecdng, […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32535,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32534","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-y-te-suc-khoe"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32534","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32534"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32534\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32535"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32534"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32534"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}