Nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c L\u01b0u V\u0103n Ho\u00e0ng<\/a> – Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: Kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea <\/a><\/strong>
\nNgu\u1ed3n: Ngu\u1ed3n: Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y D\u01b0\u1ee3c TP HCM<\/strong><\/div>\n
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C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u00e0, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea ng\u00e0y nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede Ph\u1ea7n Lan, trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 12,5 kg c\u00e0 ph\u00ea\/n\u0103m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 5 c\u1ed1c\/ng\u00e0y. T\u00ednh chung tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 400 t\u1ec9 c\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, phong c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n
Sinh h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n
$\"H\u00ecnh$
H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e2y cafe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
T\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn Kew, Anh Qu\u1ed1c, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 124 lo\u00e0i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, con s\u1ed1 g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i 20 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y c\u00e0 ph\u00ea tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c chi<\/a> Coffea, h\u1ecd Rubiaceae. 99% gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111ang nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 2 nh\u00e1nh l\u1edbn: Robusta v\u00e0 Arabica. Arabica \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Sudan \u2013 Ethiopia. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng C. canephora t\u1ea1i Congo, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng t\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Robusta \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd (robust) c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea n\u00e0y. 2 nh\u00e1nh sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0: C. liberica v\u00e0 C. excelsa. T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi Arabica l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea ch\u00e8, Robusta l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u1ed1i v\u00e0 Liberica l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea m\u00edt.<\/p>\n
Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1<\/h3>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c b\u1ec3 Mexico cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi Java (Indonesia) nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Robusta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao 500 m\u00e9t so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n Arabica, v\u1ed1n \u01b0a th\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e1t m\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 1000 m\u00e9t tr\u1edf l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, cao \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng lai gi\u1eefa nh\u00e1nh Arabica v\u00e0 Robusta, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 Catimor c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Arabica v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Robusta. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0 ph\u00ea h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng trong m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00e0nh \u0111ai x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d. T\u1ef1u chung l\u1ea1i: c\u00e0 ph\u00ea s\u1ed1ng \u1edf r\u1eebng th\u01b0\u1eddng xanh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea9m tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n
T\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5<\/h3>\n
C\u00e0 ph\u00ea Arabica chi\u1ebfm 65%<\/strong> s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Robusta. Trong nh\u00f3m Arabica, c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m Typica (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng Arabica), Bourbon (\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Typica, do m\u00e0u s\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bourbon, Orange Bourbon hay Yellow Bourbon), Caturra (\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Bourbon), Maragogype (\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn to l\u1edbn b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Typica), Mundo novo (lai t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa Typica v\u00e0 Bourbon) v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng lai kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ph\u00e9p lai nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa Caturra v\u00e0 Mundo novo th\u00e0nh Catuai,\u2026<\/p>\n
Culi v\u00e0 Moka kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u1ea3 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea chia l\u00e0m hai \u201cm\u00fai\u201d v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n h\u1ea1t. C\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u00e0i qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n. V\u00ec h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ri\u00eang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi rang. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Culi. Moka, hay Mocha, l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Yemen, n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea h\u1ea3o h\u1ea1ng xu\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Moka. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Moka thu\u1ed9c gi\u1ed1ng Bourbon \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn l\u00f9n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Moka \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 pha ch\u1ebf c\u00e0 ph\u00ea l\u00e0 \u1ea5m Moka.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd nh\u01b0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, nh\u00e0 rang, th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng,\u2026 C\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft nh\u01b0 Gesha Panama, 9 dollar M\u1ef9\/c\u1ed1c ngay t\u1ea1i Panama, gi\u1ed1ng Gesha v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi sau \u0111\u00f3 mang sang Panama tr\u1ed3ng. S\u1ef1 l\u00ean gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i Hacienda La Esmeralda mang gi\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea h\u1ea1t Gesha Panama c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea5p 100 l\u1ea7n trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb<\/h3>\n
V\u1eady th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t (hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m) gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea nh\u01b0 Gesha Panama c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng? Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. \u201cL\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u1ee9 ba\u201d l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 xem c\u00e0 ph\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n (specialty) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea nh\u01b0 Gesha Panama, theo m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, ch\u1ec9 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc xay h\u1ea1t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e0 ph\u00ea t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. H\u01a1n 100 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i th\u00ec anh ch\u00e0ng ch\u0103n d\u00ea Kaldi t\u1ea1i Kaffa, Ethiopia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e2y c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Anh ta quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng con d\u00ea trong \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau khi \u0103n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecf m\u1ecdng (berries) trong b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y hoa tr\u1eafng b\u1ed7ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111\u00eam khuya. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t Kaldi th\u1eed nhai lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4i th\u00fac anh mang ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i th\u1edd c\u00fang g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e0ng. Sau khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 m\u1ecdng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef7”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t n\u00e9m qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e9m ch\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u1eeda l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, ra l\u1ec7nh r\u00fat than h\u1ed3ng kh\u1ecfi l\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef m\u00f9i. Khi u\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c y\u00ean b\u00ecnh, \u1ea5m \u00e1p v\u00e0 \u00eam d\u1ecbu m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i. H\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y sinh l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00ec th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Kaldi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6, 7 hay 9. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e0 ph\u00ea: hoa tr\u1eafng, qu\u1ea3 m\u1ecdng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u00edch th\u00edch, t\u1ecfa m\u00f9i th\u01a1m khi rang. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kaldi (hay Khalid) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n d\u00ea c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea.<\/p>\n
Trong c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u00f3 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n
$\"Trong$
Trong c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u00f3 g\u00ec?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng k\u00edch th\u00edch trong c\u00e0 ph\u00ea thu\u1ed9c alkaloid, hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n pseudo-alkaloid nh\u00f3m xanthin, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cafein, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh theophyllin v\u00e0 theobromin. M\u1eb7c b\u00f9 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, nh\u00ecn chung h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cafein ch\u1ee9a trong h\u1ea1t Robusta sau khi rang kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 2%, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Arabica. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cafein nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap Robusta c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia u\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 hay Ph\u1ea7n Lan, Arabica l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p l\u00fd x\u00e9t tr\u00ean kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh dung n\u1ea1p cafein. T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4i Pelletier v\u00e0 Caventou, cafein c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a \u03b2-carbolin v\u00e0 harman, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t phenol \u2013 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 acid chlorogenic (CGA), protein, carbohydrat v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u b\u00e9o.<\/p>\n
S\u01a1 ch\u1ebf<\/h2>\n
\u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: qu\u1ea3 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea sau khi thu h\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ec1 sau ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, gi\u1ea3m hao h\u1ee5t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, b\u1ecf v\u1ecf t\u1eebng qu\u1ea3 trong s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng t\u1ea5n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00e1i. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau: natural (dry), wash (wet), semi-wash (honey),\u2026h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft xung quanh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00edn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, l\u1edbp nh\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf hay c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbt d\u1eadp x\u00e1t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf th\u1ecbt t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea7y th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean men r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 th\u00ec ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4 l\u1ea1i mang \u0111i s\u1ea5y ch\u1eadm t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean men di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i qu\u1ea3 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u1ecf th\u1ecbt. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbt t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n h\u1ea1t c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4 s\u1ebd pha l\u1eabn h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y (d\u00e2u\/xo\u00e0i\/m\u00edt) t\u1eeb l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i rang c\u00e0 ph\u00ea?<\/h2>\n
Ngay trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Kaldi, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi cho v\u00e0o c\u1ee7i \u0111\u1ed1t. C\u00f3 kh\u00e1 \u00edt d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft b\u1ecf l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i, l\u1ea5y h\u1ea1t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea rang l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u00f9ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh rang c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y m\u00f3c nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1ed1i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa v\u1ecb chua, ng\u1ecdt, \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. V\u1ecb chua gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian rang, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac th\u00ec gi\u1ea3m. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u1eafp, khi rang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u1ea1t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t ra ti\u1ebfng \u201ccrack\u201d th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, d\u1ea7u s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c rang \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa hai ti\u1ebfng \u201ccrack\u201d v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t.<\/p>\n
Acid h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/strong> c\u00f3 trong qu\u1ea3 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea t\u01b0\u01a1i mang l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb chua t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ec h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh rang gi\u00fap lo\u1ea1i b\u1edbt c\u00e1c acid kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u01b0 acid quinic, mang l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu v\u1ecb d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu cho c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. CGA b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i gi\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c acid quinic v\u00e0 acid caffeic ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian rang.<\/p>\n
Sau khi h\u1ea1t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 trong ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb caramel h\u00f3a, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 khi rang c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Maillard x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi protein trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh rang c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u201cn\u00e2u h\u00f3a\u201d trong n\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecbt, b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 rang cacao. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c acid amin g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Strecker. M\u1ed9t alkaloid c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng: trigonellin, b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u00e0nh acid nicotinic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c pyridin. Nh\u1eefng d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a pyridin tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt\/caramel\/\u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e0 ph\u00ea.<\/p>\n
T\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1o n\u00ean profile h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang. C\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng Arabica th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u1ecb chua v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb chua n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u00ean nh\u01b0 acid citric, acid malic, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ecb chua c\u1ee7a cam qu\u00fdt hay \u0111\u00e0o. \u201cChua thanh\u201d, \u201cng\u1ecdt d\u1ecbu\u201d l\u00e0 t\u1eeb hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. Arabica \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Arabica t\u1ea1i Nam M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t (nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t ph\u0129, h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n,\u2026). Robusta \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadm, \u0111\u1eafng, h\u01b0\u01a1ng socola ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t ch\u00fat h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung h\u00f2a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c s\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
Pha ch\u1ebf<\/h2>\n
C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p pha ch\u1ebf c\u00e0 ph\u00ea nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1u chung l\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng. H\u1ea1t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xay ra, \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1eadt ra n\u1eb1m \u1edf d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 l\u1ecdc. \u201cPhin\u201d c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p filtre, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ecdc. D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 l\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea h\u01a1i th\u00f4. L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m pour-over, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecdc c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi ph\u1ec5u l\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9, nh\u1ef1a hay kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea5y l\u1ecdc b\u00ean trong. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u1ecdc. Hay c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y l\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00ea tr\u00ean mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ed1c v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea\/n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f9y bi\u1ebfn theo s\u1edf th\u00edch, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ec5u V60 l\u00e0 1:15 – 1:18, phin Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 1:4. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Pha ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng siphon ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa ph\u1ec5u l\u1ecdc v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng nhau qua \u1ed1ng siphon \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, t\u1ea1i \u00dd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t nhanh c\u00e0 ph\u00ea d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t. C\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xay th\u1eadt m\u1ecbn, n\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0o gi\u1ecf l\u1ecdc kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng \u0111i qua. Th\u1eddi gian l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n trung b\u00ecnh n\u1eeda ph\u00fat cho 1 c\u1ed1c c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch chi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c: 1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho ra 2 \u2013 3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cespresso\u201d. Th\u1eddi gian, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, sinh ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Ristretto (\u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n), Normale (truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng) v\u00e0 Lungo (lo\u00e3ng h\u01a1n). D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c kho\u1ea3ng 8 bar, kh\u00ed carbonic trong c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp crema d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u0169 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a melanoidin \u2013 ch\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh rang.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea h\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t m\u1ecbn, \u0111un tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00e0, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh \u201ccold brew\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201ccold drip\u201d<\/strong>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u l\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea l\u00e2u n\u0103m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea h\u00f2a tan, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong gi\u1edbi u\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n pha ch\u1ebf c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Barista. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, c\u00e1c Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi v\u1ec1 pha ch\u1ebf hay tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea<\/h2>\n
\u0110a s\u1ed1 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c c\u00e0 ph\u00ea t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m: mua m\u1ebb m\u1edbi rang v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean h\u1ea1t, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1y xay th\u00ec h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft s\u1ed1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea sau khi xay c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, tr\u00e1nh \u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. C\u00e0 ph\u00ea n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e0 ph\u00ea ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xay ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi pha cho kh\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay l\u00fac xay s\u1ebd s\u1edbm bay bi\u1ebfn theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n
C\u00e0 ph\u00ea t\u00e1ch cafein<\/h2>\n
Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung n\u1ea1p t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi cafein. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch cafein kh\u1ecfi c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tr\u00e0, cacao. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00e1ch cafein ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t, ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfi h\u1ea1t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng benzen, ethyl acetat hay cloroform; sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng, triglycerid hay carbonic si\u00eau t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Bao gi\u1edd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i cafein v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, sau khi l\u1ea5y \u0111i cafein kh\u1ecfi d\u1ecbch chi\u1ebft, h\u1ea1t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong d\u1ecbch chi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea9m l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n
James Hoffmann (2018), The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd edition: From beans to brewing \u2013 Coffee explored, explained and enjoyed.<\/p>\n
Anette Moldvaer (2014), Coffee obsession.From beans to brewing \u2013 Coffee explored, explained and enjoyed.<\/span><\/p>\n
Anette Moldvaer (2014), Coffee obsession.https:\/\/www.kew.org\/plants\/arabica-coffee<\/a>, Accessed 11\/4\/2022<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c L\u01b0u V\u0103n Ho\u00e0ng – Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: Kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Ngu\u1ed3n: Ngu\u1ed3n: Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y D\u01b0\u1ee3c TP HCM C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u00e0, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea ng\u00e0y nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede Ph\u1ea7n Lan, trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 12,5 […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32529,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-y-te-suc-khoe"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32520"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32520\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}