Guaiacol<\/h2>\n
$\"H\u00ecnh$
H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh minh h\u1ecda<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Caribbean v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 16, h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 mang t\u00ean guaiacum, lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c chi Guaiacum, h\u1ecd Zygophyllaceae. Ch\u1ea5t g\u00f4m guaiacum l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb Giang mai v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u u \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng mang v\u1ec1 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Theo ghi nh\u1eadn, lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ee9ng \u0111au h\u1ecdng kh\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea5p kh\u1edbp, gout m\u00e3n t\u00ednh. Guaiacol hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ee7i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a lignin. M\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a guaiacol g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn whisky v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea rang.<\/p>\n
Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1826, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Otto Unverdorben \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c guaiacol t\u1eeb creosote th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecm ra anilin nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a indigo t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 20. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p creosote \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n g\u1ed7 (s\u1ed3i, th\u00f4ng, d\u1ebb gai,\u2026) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng (b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 g\u1ed7).<\/p>\n
Guaiacol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ecb ho, kh\u00e1ng khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111au t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. D\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a guaiacol l\u00e0 guaifenesin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb ho th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
Trong th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m sinh h\u00f3a, guaiacol c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hay \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh peroxidase (x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1u trong ph\u00e2n) t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tetraguaiacol c\u00f3 m\u00e0u. H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 eugenol hay vanillin.<\/p>\n
Vanillin<\/h2>\n
$\"h\u1ecdp$
h\u1ecdp ch\u1ea5t Vanillin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Vanilla l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong kem, b\u00e1nh, k\u1eb9o; l\u00e0m t\u0103ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c trong chocolate, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t. Chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t vanilla t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 vanilla trong c\u1ed3n, v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vanillin v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 200 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u1edf h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf (acetaldehyd, furfural, acid hexanoic, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyd, eugenol, methyl cinnamat, acid isobutyric,\u2026). Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Aztec, t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, sau khi chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00f9ng Totonac \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Mexico ng\u00e0y nay, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c lan vanilla c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Totonac. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tlilxochitl, hay “hoa \u0111en”, theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, s\u1ebd teo l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u \u0111en ngay sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e1i. Nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mang c\u1ea3 vani v\u00e0 chocolate v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1520.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vanilla ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eaft th\u1ee9 hai sau saffron v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra qu\u1ea3 vanilla kh\u00e1 c\u00f4ng phu, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Vanilla ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Lan, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u2018vaina\u2019 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc, v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3. Ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p quan tr\u1ecdng vanilla tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bao g\u1ed3m Bourbon, Madagascar v\u00e0 Indonesia.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf vanilla. Chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t Castoreum l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb h\u1ea3i ly l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 m\u00f9i ng\u1ecdt, \u1ea5m. Lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng castoreum nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n castoreum. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c castoreum t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt khi\u1ebfn cho h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sau n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p g\u00e2y m\u00ea. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a castoreum g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh pheromon nh\u01b0 4-ethylphenol, catechol, acetophenon, 3-hydroxyacetophenon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n bao g\u1ed3m 4-methylcatechol, 4-methoxyacetophenon, acid 5-methoxysalicylic, salicylaldehyd v\u00e0 acid 3-hydroxybenzoic. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i ly nh\u01b0 s\u00fang v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec5u,… Ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ed1ng vanillin l\u00e0 4-methoxyacetophenon c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 acetanisol, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i caramel ho\u1eb7c b\u01a1.<\/p>\n
Vanillin c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. D\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t ethyl vanillin c\u00f3 m\u00f9i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n vanillin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ebfm m\u00f9, vanilla nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch h\u01a1n, do th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t vanilla t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y trong l\u00fac n\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1ef1a benzoin<\/h2>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 mang t\u00ean g\u1ecdi benzoin, trong h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t benzoin. Nh\u1ef1a benzoin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i hoa tr\u1eafng h\u00ecnh chu\u00f4ng, Styrax, s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u2013 c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi B\u1eafc B\u00e1n C\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Java, Sumatra, Th\u00e1i Lan, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u00e0o, Campuchia. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m S. tonkinensis (c\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u1eafng), S. benzoin, v\u00e0 S. benzoides.<\/p>\n
C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ef1a benzoin ti\u1ebft ra khi c\u00e2y b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1ng s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ecdt gi\u1ed1ng vani v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa, benzoin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a tinh d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o m\u00f9i th\u01a1m kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Benzoin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m, thu\u1ed1c th\u00fa y v\u00e0 n\u1ebfn th\u01a1m. Ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u trong th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed3n, b\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbng, k\u1eb9o cao su, s\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh, gelatin, b\u00e1nh pudding v\u00e0 k\u1eb9o m\u1ec1m. Th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn, benzoin c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong An t\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n
Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 nh\u1ef1a benzoic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Nostradamus v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1556, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) v\u00e0 Blaise de Vigen\u00e8re (1596). \u0110\u1ebfn 1832, Justus von Liebig v\u00e0 Friedrich W\u00f6hler x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n acid benzoic trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi acid hippuric (s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa acid benzoic v\u00e0 glycin). Salkowski x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng n\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a acid benzoic v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1875 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n (th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng mu\u1ed1i), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed1c m\u1ee1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ea5m (benzosali = acid benzoic + acid salicylic) b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01a1n trong vi\u00ean n\u00e9n. Salkowski l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh cholesterol (ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Salkowski), creatinin, glucose, carbon monoxid v\u00e0 indol. Acid benzoic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t ester chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ef1a benzoin. Trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, acid benzoic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch oxy h\u00f3a toluen.<\/p>\n
Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a acid ascorbic v\u00e0 acid benzoic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh benzen trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n acid benzoic\/mu\u1ed1i benzoat trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a FDA Hoa K\u1ef3, trong s\u1ed1 200 m\u1eabu n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng benzen h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng 5 ppb. C\u00f3 10\/200 m\u1eabu v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng; 9\/10 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi acid ascorbic v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i benzoat trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. 1\/10 m\u1eabu ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a acid ascorbic nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e9p nam vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ea5t (c\u00f3 benzoat t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean).<\/p>\n
Methyl salicylat<\/h2>\n
\u1ede v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y v\u1eabn xanh t\u1ed1t trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 wintergreen. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c chi Gaultheria h\u1ecd Ericaceae, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 Gaultheria procumbens v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong y h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00e3m l\u00e1 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp, s\u1ed1t, vi\u00eam h\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1n \u0111au kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c c\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c chi Gaultheria ch\u1ee9a methyl salicylat, ester c\u1ee7a acid salicylic.<\/p>\n
Trong tinh d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Gaultheria m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1edbt h\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee9a: methyl salicylat (kho\u1ea3ng 98%), \u03b1-pinen, myrcen, delta-3-caren, limonen, 3,7-guaiadien, v\u00e0 delta-cadinen, mang l\u1ea1i m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ecdt, g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t \u201cmint\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng nh\u1edbt kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i, m\u00f9i ng\u1ecdt, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh acid salicylic c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 giao ti\u1ebfp c\u00e2y-c\u00e2y. Th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u201ctinh d\u1ea7u wintergreen\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb B\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ecdt (Betula lenta, Betulaceae). C\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a acid salicylic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong chi Spiraea (acid salicylic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1839, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi aspirin c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb chi n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1828, Johann Andreas Buchner \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp d\u1ea1ng glycosid l\u00e0 salicin t\u1eeb D\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec5u Salix alba). Methyl salicylat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1843, b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p Auguste Andr\u00e9 Thomas Cahours, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ester gi\u1eefa acid salicylic v\u00e0 methanol.<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi methyl salicylat, g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c hen. Methyl salicylat c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 li\u1ec1u, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng tinh d\u1ea7u nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
Qu\u1ea3 Gaultheria c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n s\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng trong b\u00e1nh. Trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00e1 Gaultheria \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay th\u1ebf cho tr\u00e0. Wintergreen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, t\u1eeb k\u1eb9o cao su, k\u1eb9o b\u1ea1c h\u00e0, k\u1eb9o \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3i nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 nh\u00fang (h\u00edt “ki\u1ec3u M\u1ef9”) v\u00e0 snus. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec7 sinh r\u0103ng mi\u1ec7ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00fac mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng.<\/p>\n
T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n
Stevens, M. E., Ronan, A. K., Sourkes, T. S., & Boyd, E. M. (1943). On the Expectorant Action of Creosote and the Guaiacols<\/a>. Canadian Medical Association journal, 48(2), 124\u2013127.<\/p>\n
Rain, Patricia; Lubinsky, Pesach (2011). Vanilla Use in Colonial Mexico and Traditional Totonac Vanilla Farming. In Odoux, Eric; Grisoni, Michel (eds.). Vanilla. USA: CRC Press. p. 252.<\/p>\n
Shulaev, V.; Silverman, P.; Raskin, I. (1997). Airborne signalling by methyl salicylate in plant pathogen resistance. Nature. 385 (6618). 718\u2013721.<\/p>\n
Xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: T\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m thu\u1ed1c Gliflozin<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c L\u01b0u V\u0103n Ho\u00e0ng \u2013 Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f2ng th\u01a1m Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y D\u01b0\u1ee3c TP HCM. Guaiacol Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Caribbean v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 16, h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 mang […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32481,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-y-te-suc-khoe"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32480","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32480"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32480\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32481"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32480"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32480"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}