Thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/strong>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\nKi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n
Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u1edbi cho thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o xu th\u1ebf, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129, xung quanh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai s\u1edbm trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
![\"thu\u1ed1c](\"https:\/\/www.vnras.com\/drug\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/thuoc_gia_2.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\n
Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tay b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ngay khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo trong c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c khu ch\u1ee3 v\u1ec9a h\u00e8 \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Ch\u00e2u Phi. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp cao (HIC) bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 hormone, steroid v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh (LMIC) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t, b\u1ec7nh lao, HIV v\u00e0 AIDS .<\/p>\n
V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 Thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 (FMD) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2019 , d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 D\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 70 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi cho danh m\u1ee5c thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n \/ thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3\/ thu\u1ed1c sai nh\u00e3n m\u00e1c\/ thu\u1ed1c nh\u00e1i (SSFFC) . C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n m\u1edbi, \u2019kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u2019,\u2018 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 \u2018 v\u00e0 \u2019thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd\u2019, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u2018thu\u1ed1c nh\u00e1i\u2019 (vi ph\u1ea1m s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) kh\u1ecfi danh m\u1ee5c. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n
![\"thu\u1ed1c](\"https:\/\/www.vnras.com\/drug\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/thuoc_gia_1.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\n
1.1 Thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n<\/h3>\n
T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong khi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t s\u1ea3n thu\u1ed1c (GMP) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu\u1ed1c (GDP) c\u00f2n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
1.2 Thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3<\/h3>\n
WHO \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng danh t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c thu\u1ed1c. Thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t (API) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nguy hi\u1ec3m. Bao b\u00ec c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi thu\u1ed1c g\u1ed1c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c .<\/p>\n
1.3 Thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n<\/h3>\n
M\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a WHO b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng 42% trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 1.500 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2013 \u0111\u1ebfn 2017 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c Ch\u00e2u Phi. Thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 36% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t cao, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong \u1edf tr\u1ebb em . \u1ede Ch\u00e2u Phi, WHO \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 169.000 tr\u1ebb em t\u1eed vong m\u1ed7i n\u0103m do vi\u00eam ph\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 158.000 tr\u1ebb em ch\u1ebft v\u00ec s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec7nh hay t\u1eed vong c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n
Thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ng khu\u1ea9n gi\u1ea3m (do suy tho\u00e1i API), sinh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i (do s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c k\u00e9m (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tetracycline kh\u00e1ng sinh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n k\u00e9m \u1edf v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi)<\/p>\n
Trong thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u01a1 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea5n, b\u1ed9t m\u00ec ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9t talc; t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ngc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m che l\u1ea5p \u0111i c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Artemisinin gi\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a Paracetamol Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, sau khi d\u00f9ng Artemisinin gi\u1ea3, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1t, g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng; tuy nhi\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb Paracetamol . S\u1ef1 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec7nh , trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed vong .<\/p>\n
S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1ng sinh d\u01b0\u1edbi li\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n l\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1ng kh\u00e1ng sinh (AMR). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe trong HIC, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a AMR th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1ng sinh qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u00ea \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 AMR \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c . Tuy nhi\u00ean, thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi k\u00ea \u0111\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh, gia t\u0103ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh m\u1edbi h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n . S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng \u0111a kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh lao (TB) .<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/h2>\n2.1 B\u00e1o c\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n
Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean xem nh\u1eb9 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady xung quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n. Vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng , c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3, thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3, thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n hay k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a tin c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0a th\u1edbt v\u00e0 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c sau m\u1ed7i v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 \u1edf Anh Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 12 tri\u1ec7u B\u1ea3ng Anh. Theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che \u0111\u1eady v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u00ecm l\u1eafng. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO) cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che \u0111\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta l\u01a1 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00ecm h\u00e3m c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft c\u00f4ng khai.<\/p>\n
2.2 Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m; li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hay c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u (\u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean). L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tinh vi d\u00f9ng trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n cao (vd: s\u1eafc k\u00fd kh\u00ed \u2013 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eafc k\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch) s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu th\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh \u2013 th\u1ea5p hay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o (vd: s\u1eafc k\u00fd gi\u1ea5y) c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n; gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n
2.3 Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n
V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh \u2013 th\u1ea5p; n\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2y lan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 lan truy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh \u2013 th\u1ea5p. Khi ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh \u2013 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn GMP (ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh an to\u00e0n cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi WHO l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh \u2013 th\u1ea5p. Nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00ec nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Rwanda, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh lao (TB) v\u00e0 s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Rwanda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c bang \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Phi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa thu\u1ed1c generic v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
2.4 \u0110\u1ea5u tranh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h3>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh \u2013 th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f2n k\u00e9m; nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e0n lan \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2014, C\u01a1 quan Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd D\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (EMA) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 9 l\u00f4 thu\u1ed1c Trastuzumab (hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi t\u00ean Herceptin \u2013 thu\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 v\u00fa) b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u00dd, sau \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf Ph\u1ea7n Lan, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ecd thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 qua x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u00fd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t (API), l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ecd thu\u1ed1c m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh v\u00f4 khu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n
Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb H\u1ea3i quan ch\u00e2u \u00c2u thu gi\u1eef \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra 15 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 y khoa t\u1eeb 2005 \u0111\u1ebfn 2011, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 7 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu gi\u1eef k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. 9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh thu h\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh; ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang 1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 500,000 v\u1ec9 thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n tay b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao cho r\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd, tuy r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng minh chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn sai l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hay h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, nh\u01b0 Viagra (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pfizer \u1edf Anh), thu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 steroid hay c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. So v\u1edbi thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3, thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n,r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do t\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh, b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hay trong c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khay ph\u00e2n thu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n
2.5 Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n
2.6 Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf<\/h3>\n
\u1ede qui m\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 truy t\u1ed1. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cthu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng mai ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i chung \u201cthu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a WHO s\u1ebd chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u201cthu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3\u201d tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta m\u1ea1nh tay truy t\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n \u201cthu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3\u201d m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (HICs) ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 kh\u1eaft khe \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, cung \u1ee9ng, b\u00e0o ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, khi\u1ebfn cho d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, khi quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh (LMICs), h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ph\u00e1p xem nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e9o b\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 khoan h\u1ed3ng mang t\u00ednh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, \u0111\u1eb7t ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1edbi b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c khung h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n
Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n
2.7 Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu\u1ed1c<\/h3>\n
GMP l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qui tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GDP nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cung \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n
Khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 x\u1ea3y ra cao h\u01a1n. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao; c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e3i cho r\u1eb1ng: x\u00e9t \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u01b0 WHO, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i thu\u1ed1c h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n. Thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GMP, GDP v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
2.8 \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/h3>\n
H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 C\u01a1 quan mua s\u1eafm qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t \u0111i to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi, qui m\u00f4 v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i Nigeria, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m LMICs, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 200 c\u00f4ng ty d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u1edf African th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0o. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t 26 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u Phi c\u1ee7a WHO ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 lan ra to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u: WHO \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1% s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a trong HICs l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 2 t\u1ef7 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u1edf Anh h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 200,000 g\u00f3i. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, C\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd D\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbch thu 6,2 tri\u1ec7u li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 15,8 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng Anh.<\/p>\n
2.9 Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3<\/h3>\n
Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3, li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u EU th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u01a1 quan FMD, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2019 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o kh\u1ecfi chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng. \u1ee6y ban ch\u00e2u \u00c2u EU m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 \u201c b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c sai li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u201cthu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng may b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch quan trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (\u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d) v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u EU v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a WHO.<\/p>\n
C\u01a1 quan FMD y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean bao b\u00ec, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng X\u00e1c minh D\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m Qu\u1ed1c gia, qua \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan FMD \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, r\u1eb1ng ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e9t m\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n, d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 b\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c hay y t\u00e1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thu\u1ed1c. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e0n x\u00e1c minh, hay x\u1eed l\u00ed c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 FMD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean trang web Specialist Pharmacy Service. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, MHRA tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qui \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a FMD, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh n\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u EU m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ng\u00e3 ng\u0169 khi b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3; tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng khi m\u00e0 S\u1edf Y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ban h\u00e0nh FMD d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho Anh.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c Chuy\u00ean gia D\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Th\u1ebb v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a MHRA \u1edf Anh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
2.10 Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/h3>\n
S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a FMD \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia d\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1edfi Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh v\u00e0 MHRA \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p cho d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 theo k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i D\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a FMD, m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 qui tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n theo m\u1eabu (SOP), \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 FMD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh khi thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Ai C\u1eadp, Ch\u00e2u Phi, c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 qu\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n
2.11 Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n<\/h3>\n
M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe khi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. Thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ed1n d\u0129 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u Phi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o thu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n
2.12 Nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n
Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean Internet \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 k\u00ea \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ed1c. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed1c k\u00ea \u0111\u01a1n nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ng sinh v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c tim m\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n tr\u00e0n lan tr\u00ean Internet. B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng mua ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3, thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ph\u1edbt l\u1edd.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn 70% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng thu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng sau c\u00e1c b\u00ea b\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1eb7n m\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u1eefa. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 k\u00ea \u0111\u01a1n, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p D\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c B\u00e1c s\u0129, \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n
K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n
Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n B\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m an to\u00e0n, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u00f3m n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, do s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i do thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cam k\u1ebft v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i D\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1edf t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khung ph\u00e1p l\u00fd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n
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Thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n: m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn \u0111ang c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: Sinh vi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Xu\u00e2n \u00c1nh \u2013 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y khoa PNT Sinh vi\u00ean D\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00fd Gia H\u00e2n \u2013 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y khoa PNT Sinh vi\u00ean […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10324,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-y-te-suc-khoe"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10320"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10320\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10324"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnras.com\/drug\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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